Key Quotes:
- The audience response to a film is perhaps the key issue in the debate for and against censorship.
- Contemporary value systems are more contingent, reflecting more fluid ideas about the self in postmodern society; and this makes the case for and against censorship very difficult to resolve.
Key Quotes: Certainly, the whole music business is sustained by the few star guarantees of profit in an unstable market. This maybe explains the somewhat fetishistic behaviour of fans who will buy the CD even if they can easily get the tracks for free on some P2P provider.
Here are the four key assumptions that underpin the tradition of concern about the effects of media violence:
1. ‘Violence’ is a unit of meaning that can be abstracted from occasions and modes of occurrence, and measured – with the correspondent assumption that the more violence there is, the greater its potential for influence.
2. There is a mechanism, usually called ‘identification’, which makes viewers of ‘violence’ vulnerable to it – such that it thereby becomes a ‘message’ by which they are invaded and persuaded.
3. The task of media researchers is to identify those who are especially ‘vulnerable’ to the influence of these ‘messages’.
4. All these can be done on the presumption that such messages are ‘harmful’, because ‘violence’ is intrinsically anti-social.
1. ‘Violence’ is a unit of meaning that can be abstracted from occasions and modes of occurrence, and measured – with the correspondent assumption that the more violence there is, the greater its potential for influence.
2. There is a mechanism, usually called ‘identification’, which makes viewers of ‘violence’ vulnerable to it – such that it thereby becomes a ‘message’ by which they are invaded and persuaded.
3. The task of media researchers is to identify those who are especially ‘vulnerable’ to the influence of these ‘messages’.
4. All these can be done on the presumption that such messages are ‘harmful’, because ‘violence’ is intrinsically anti-social.
Key Quotes: Yet despite the talent of the likes of Kano, Wiley and Lady Sovereign, they don’t stand much of a chance getting noticed when so many are happily force-fed American corporate hip hop. Our grime stars are happy if they sell 500 or 1,000 white labels in Bow’s Rhythm Division Records; how can that match up against the hundreds of thousands of units that even minor American stars shift around the world?
Key Quotes: So far, the models we’ve referred to range from the idea of the audience as passively influenced by all-powerful media, to the concept of audiences as active, strong and selective readers.
Key Quotes:
- Stan Cohen’s Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1972; 3rd edition 2002): the ways in which the media identify something or someone as a major threat to society and its values, often way beyond what is reasonable, often using gross stereotypes of these ‘folk devils’, on whose head all the ills of society are blamed.
- Some key representations in crime-based media have been:
• crime itself (a ‘problem’) vs the police (our protectors)
• criminals (the bad guys) vs criminal justice systems (a mess)
• lawyers (corrupt or freeloaders) vs courts (soft)
• social workers (incompetent, interfering do-gooders)
• victims (innocent) vs the public (a nuisance)
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