Sunday 28 November 2010

Books Relating To Investigation

Graeme Burton. "More Than Meets The Eye" (Great Britain; Euston Road: Arnold, a member of the Hoddler Headline Group, 2002)


Key Quotes: 
  • Audiences are an integral part of the whole process of communication through out the media. In many ways they are the raison d'etre for the media industries, because no audiences means no profit means no reason for running the organisation. It is the audience that makes sense of the communication and this becomes of all the more important because of the size of the audience, given the potential for influence, and the part the media play in the socialisation of that audience.
  • Repetition of messages tend to enhance their effects. People tend to believe something if its said that often enough (provided it isn't too outrageous)
  • In terms of output, the media are almost entirely self-regulating. There is the Video Standards Council, for video distributors.
Alan Mckee "Textual Analysis" (Padshow, Cornwall: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2003)

Key Quotes:
  • Everyone loves children, children need to be protected from the dangers of the world, including representation's of violence and sex.

Thursday 25 November 2010

Media Magazine Research

Key Quotes:
  • The audience response to a film is perhaps the key issue in the debate for and against censorship.
  • Contemporary value systems are more contingent, reflecting more fluid ideas about the self in postmodern society; and this makes the case for and against censorship very difficult to resolve.
Key Quotes: Certainly, the whole music business is sustained by the few star guarantees of profit in an unstable market. This maybe explains the somewhat fetishistic behaviour of fans who will buy the CD even if they can easily get the tracks for free on some P2P provider.

Here are the four key assumptions that underpin the tradition of concern about the effects of media violence:

1. ‘Violence’ is a unit of meaning that can be abstracted from occasions and modes of occurrence, and measured – with the correspondent assumption that the more violence there is, the greater its potential for influence.
2. There is a mechanism, usually called ‘identification’, which makes viewers of ‘violence’ vulnerable to it – such that it thereby becomes a ‘message’ by which they are invaded and persuaded.
3. The task of media researchers is to identify those who are especially ‘vulnerable’ to the influence of these ‘messages’.
4. All these can be done on the presumption that such messages are ‘harmful’, because ‘violence’ is intrinsically anti-social.

Key Quotes: Yet despite the talent of the likes of Kano, Wiley and Lady Sovereign, they don’t stand much of a chance getting noticed when so many are happily force-fed American corporate hip hop. Our grime stars are happy if they sell 500 or 1,000 white labels in Bow’s Rhythm Division Records; how can that match up against the hundreds of thousands of units that even minor American stars shift around the world?

Key Quotes: So far, the models we’ve referred to range from the idea of the audience as passively influenced by all-powerful media, to the concept of audiences as active, strong and selective readers.

Key Quotes:
  • Stan Cohen’s Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1972; 3rd edition 2002): the ways in which the media identify something or someone as a major threat to society and its values, often way beyond what is reasonable, often using gross stereotypes of these ‘folk devils’, on whose head all the ills of society are blamed. 
  • Some key representations in crime-based media have been:
    • crime itself (a ‘problem’) vs the police (our protectors)
    • criminals (the bad guys) vs criminal justice systems (a mess)
    • lawyers (corrupt or freeloaders) vs courts (soft)
    • social workers (incompetent, interfering do-gooders)
    • victims (innocent) vs the public (a nuisance)

New Question (After Examiner Feedback)

To what extent is violence used in rap/grime music videos, such as those featuring K Koke, and should audiences be protected from it through censorship?

Wednesday 24 November 2010

10 Relevant Papers/Articles



This article is among the first to focus on commercially available, sexually violent rap music, so-called “gangsta” rap (GR) and its influence on attitudes toward women. Collegiate males with little experience with GR were exposed to GR music, lyrics, both, or neither. Thus the effect of GR music and lyrics were isolated from each other and from acculturation to GR. Collapsing across all attitude measures, neither lyrics alone nor lyrics with music resulted in significantly more negative attitudes toward women than music-only or no-treatment control conditions. Participants in the lyrics conditions had significantly greater adversarial sexual beliefs than no-lyrics participants, however.

The purpose of this study was to examine violence in music video programming. Using a representative sample of television content, we assessed whether the amount and context of physical aggression varied across different music video channels (BET, MTV, VH-1) and genres (adult contemporary, heavy metal, rap rhythm and blues, and rock). The results reveal that 15% of music videos feature violence, and most of that aggression is sanitized, not chastised, and presented in realistic contexts. Significant differences emerged in the prevalence and nature of violence by channel and genre, however. The findings are discussed in terms of the risk that exposure to violence in each channel and genre may be posing to viewers' learning of aggression, fear, and emotional desensitization.

The positive portrayal of violence and weapon carrying in televised music videos is thought to have a considerable influence on the normative expectations of adolescents about these behaviours.

The Rhetoric of Violence in Rap & Country Music
This study is a semiotic ethnography and ethnomusicological comparison of the rhetoric of violence found in two increasingly popular musical forms, rap and country. Based on the production-of-culture perspective, musical genres are considered socially constructed organizing principles and lyrics, the primary data, are viewed as ensembles of texts. The strategy is to address rap and country songs as they present claims concerning the focal concerns of trouble and toughness. First, analysis is framed in terms of three violent crimes–murder, manslaughter, and assault. Second, dimensions of toughness are specified–physical prowess and masculinity. This study illustrates the hidden resemblances between rap and country and highlights parallels between these essentially incompatible musical domains.


The influence of Misogynous Rap Music On Sexual Aggression Against Women
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cognitive distortions concerning women on sexually aggressive behaviour in the laboratory. Twenty-seven men listened to misogynous rap music and 27 men listened to neutral rap music. Participants then viewed neutral, sexual-violent, and assaultive film vignettes and chose one of the vignettes to show to a female confederate. Among the participants in the misogynous music condition, 30% showed the assaultive vignette and 70% showed the neutral vignette. In the neutral condition, 7% showed the sexual-violent or assaultive vignette and 93% showed the neutral vignette. Participants who showed the sexual-violent or assaultive stimuli reported that the confederate was more upset and uncomfortable in viewing these stimuli than did participants who showed the neutral vignette. These findings suggest that misogynous music facilitates sexually aggressive behavior and support the relationship between cognitive distortions and sexual aggression.


Genre Of Music & Lyrical Content: Expectation Effects
This study was designed to examine whether people's expectations differ regarding how music lyrics affect individual behaviour as a function of music genre. Because legislative attention and media publicity have been biased against certain types of popular music (i.e., heavy metal and rap), the authors expected that those genres of music would be viewed more negatively than other genres of popular music, for which there has been little or no negative publicity (i.e., pop and country). Participants (N = 160 college students) rated their perceptions of how the lyrical content of a song would affect listeners' behavior. The authors presented prosocial or antisocial lyrical passages to students (N = 160) under the guise of four musical genres (heavy metal, rap, pop, and country). Participants rated the potential impact of the lyrics on listeners' behavior. Findings indicated that lyrics labeled as heavy metal or rap were perceived as less likely to inspire prosocial behavior but not more likely to inspire antisocial behavior than the same lyrics labeled as country or pop.



Exposure to Violent Media: The Effects of Songs With Violent Lyrics on Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings


Rap Music & It's Violent Progeny: America's Culture of Violence in Context

America for all her protests against violent rap lyrics has failed to acknowledge her role in the creation of this relatively new art form. There is no denying the language in some rap lyrics could be construed as offensive, however, just as other music forms are not homogeneous, neither is rap music. It is far too simplistic to portray rap artists as perpetuators of behavior deemed socially deviant without placing the artists and their life experiences in context. Instead, this article considers rap music as a creative expression and metaphorical offspring of America's well-established culture of violence.

In two experiments, primed subjects were exposed to violent and misogynistic rap music and control subjects were exposed to popular music. Experiment 1 showed that violent and misogynistic rap music increased the automatic associations underlying evaluative racial stereotypes in high and low prejudiced subjects alike. By contrast, explicit stereotyping was dependent on priming and subjects’ prejudice level. In Experiment 2, the priming manipulation was followed by a seemingly unrelated person perception task in which subjects rated Black or White targets described as behaving ambiguously. As expected, primed subjects judged a Black target less favourably than a White target. By contrast, control subjects rated Black and White targets similarly. Subjects’ level of prejudice did not moderate these findings, suggesting the robustness of priming effects on social judgements.


Sunday 21 November 2010

Critical Investigation Title

To what extent does violence in grime/rap music videos, such as those featuring K Koke, encourage and result in violent behaviour in young people?


Keyword
Synonym 1
Synonym 2
Synonym 3
Rap
Black people
Lil Wayne
The Game
Grime
Urban Music
Wiley
Skepta
K Koke
Stereotypes
Ethnicity
Underground Grime
Music Videos
Lyrics
Censorship
Teenagers
Violence
Moral Panics
Bloods & Crips
Knife Crime

Monday 15 November 2010

Research (Advanced Search Options)




Key Quote: When grime was first hitting the headlines in 2004, many said it was the biggest thing to happen to British music since punk - and indeed it should have been


Key Quote: Superintendent Leroy Logan of Hackney Police, a former chairman of the Black Police Association, is clear on the role videos play. "The essence of grime is simply a reflection of these kids's experiences," he said. "But there are those out there who are keen on hijacking the scene, and using these videos to spread negativity, anger, and aggression. And whether the messages are coded or explicit, they often play themselves out on the street."


Key Quote: One study found that young subjects who watched violent rap videos were more accepting of violent actions, particularly against women. Additionally, those who watched either violent or non-violent rap videos were more inclined to express materialistic attitudes and favour potentially acquiring possessions through crime, as well as holding more negative views on the likelihood of succeeding through academic pursuits.


Key Quote: Mr Taylor also told MPs that he was concerned about the content of much rap music. "It is creating more of a problem because of the language that is used. It is language that, as a father, I would not allow my children to hear," he said.

Impact of Music, Music Lyrics, and Music Videos on Children and Youth


Key Quote: This study revealed that the percentage of violence in music videos ranged from 11.5% to 22.4%, with the most violent videos having been presented on MTV. When analyzed according to type of music, rap videos had the highest portrayal of violence (20.4%), closely followed by rock videos (19.8%).


Key Quote: The videos seen today are so dangerous to society as a whole because today’s society is more fuelled by media than it has ever been. Because of this fact people need to make sure that they are not feeding our youth things that will destroy lives later on down the road.


Key Quote: Eighty per cent of the rap music that is currently on the top ten lists around the world contains violence. They glorify the acts of beating up another person, or even worse shooting them.


Key Quote: Violent music may possibly make a path for violence, but it does not and can not cause violence.(Mcfadyen 17; Lieberman 2). Violent music can only stir emotions in a person, and if that person commits a crime, then it is that person's own fault. For the song did not go into the street and rob a person or shoot a person opening a door. 


Key Quote: Underground Grime music, is a lot more violent, the lyrics connecting with gang culture and lifestyles. Rappers such as Scorcher & Black the Ripper have had their music videos banned  from TV for promoting gang culture and violence.


Key Quote: If you have ever looked on You Tube you will be shocked to see the amount of gang & grime music video's glorifying gun, knife and gang culture and violence - promoting this with music videos and home made videos made by the gangs.


Key Quote: Songs with violent lyrics increase aggression related thoughts and emotions and this effect is directly related to the violence in the lyrics, according to a new study published by the American Psychological Association (APA).


Key Quote: Rap music has been vilified and discredited on the grounds of sexism, misogyny, glamourising violence, materialism and associations with criminality. Gangsta rap in particular has been reviled for its often inherent violent imagery and sexually explicit lyrics.


Key Quote: The influence that rap currently has on our children all around the world is unfortunately a very strong one. People's words and people's actions are constantly criticised on a daily basis, and music is no exception. While listening to music, you can not help but notice the words and the beat associated with it. Whether for the good or bad, rap has influenced society. 



Key Quote: Gun violence seems to follow 50 Cent, who has himself been shot nine times, and always wears a bulletproof vest. Two known associates of the rap star were arrested at a 50 Cent video shoot in New York City after police found they were carrying loaded weapons.


Key Quote: Jay confessed it's important for rappers to exaggerate "life in the ghetto" because this is the only way that the underclass can make their voice heard.

 


Sunday 14 November 2010

Guardian Article: Lil Wayne Released From Prison


Lil Wayne has been freed from jail after serving eight months for a gun-related charge, emerging with a new album, well-wishes from a former president and a deepened appreciation for his fans. New York City's Department of Correction website today announced that the Grammy award-winning rap star had been released from Rikers Island jail.
"FREE AT LAST!!!!!!!" the rapper's manager, Cortez Bryant, tweeted. Lil Wayne's management said he plans to head for his home in Miami, where they're planning a welcome-home party on Sunday. "I was never scared, worried nor bothered by the situation," Lil Wayne said on Tuesday through Weezythanxyou.com, a website set up to give fans a glimpse of his life in jail.
It was reported earlier today that the rapper's release was delayed by one day due to an earlier "infraction" during his eight-month sentence.
Lil Wayne, who had the bestselling album of 2008 and won a best rap album Grammy with Tha Carter III, kept his career in high gear while locked up for having a loaded gun on his tour bus in 2007.
His latest album, I Am Not a Human Being, released while he was in solitary confinement in September, reached No 1 on the Billboard 200 chart last month. He also was featured on a string of hits by other artists, including Drake and Eminem, that came out while he was incarcerated. Lil Wayne also recorded a verse for the Drake/Jay-Z collaboration Light Up over the phone for a Rikers Remix that circulated online.
Barack Obama recently told Rolling Stone he has some Lil Wayne music on his iPod. And former President Bill Clinton praised the rapper's abilities during a phone interview with a Pittsburgh radio station on Tuesday, adding that "what I hope will happen is that he has a good life now".
Lil Wayne, born Dwayne Carter Jr, pleaded guilty in October 2009 to attempted weapon possession, admitting he had a loaded, semi-automatic .40-caliber gun on his bus after a Manhattan concert.
He started a year-long sentence in March but got time off for good behaviour, despite a disciplinary knock that sent him to solitary for the last month of his term. A charger and headphones for a digital music player were found in his cell in May, prison officials said. The items are considered contraband.
The rapper later acknowledged the misstep on his website, where his associates typed up and posted periodic letters he wrote on topics ranging from his daily Rikers routine to new songs he'd heard and liked on the radio. He also provided specific, individual responses to some of the fan mail that flooded his cell and became, he said, a source of cheer behind bars.
"I laughed with some of you, reasoned with some of you, and even cried with some of you," he wrote in a letter posted on Tuesday. "I never imagined how much impact my words and life can have." But he assured fans the impact hasn't completely changed him: "I will be the same Martian I was when I left, just better."

Guardian Article: Paul Morley Showing Off Giggs


The savvy, quietly raging, rapidly rising, south London rapper Giggs is an interesting one. Especially if you're looking for a sign of something in the midst of ALL THIS FABULOUSLY AVAILABLE MUSIC that might connect not simply with how intensely pleasing pop can be, but how provocative. Pop that turns over reality and then explores the resultant new dynamic, as opposed to pop that assembles more and more attractive, distracting layers of synthesised reality. Such engaged, oppositional pop might be old fashioned, even dead. Or it might be the next big thing, a backlash against pert, pretty, post-reality iPop.
I'm of an age to call someone roughly other like Giggs "pop", but he more or less inhabits some highly specified area that flickers in and around hip-hop and gangsta rap and the knotty domestic deviation, grime, that added certain ragged home truths and electronically quarried sonic grit to grabby, waggish hip-hop alertness. Although branding Giggs as "thug rap" just media-boxes him in as stereotypical troublemaker aggressively glamorising violence, pragmatic Giggs pleads guilty. "I'm a thug," he gamely shrugs, because according to nervous, middle-British standards that's exactly what he is, "and I rap."
The truth is more tangled and doesn't fit complacently established cultural patterns. You don't have to dig too far to uncover a distressed gentleness on the other side of the pilfered street poses, protective toughness and boastful defensiveness. He good naturedly indulges me as I explore the idea of him transcending certain stereotypes, but ultimately, there's a flickering, deflecting mask – of clothing, behaviour, gesture and language – that he must stay behind.
Born Nathan Thompson – he was nicknamed Giggs because of his tendency to slyly, even shyly, giggle, often at the absurdity of a given situation – he was influenced by the original sinners NWA and dirty south hip-hop. The hardcore American myths of fighting rivals, making it and escaping the hood mingle with the swagger, anxiety and wariness of an English black man born in broken Peckham in the early 1980s, raised by a feisty single mum, a father himself at 21, who ended up spending two years in jail on gun charges, numbly emerging in 2005 with a plan to better himself.
Living in the area that he did, intelligent but brutally ambushed by fate, race, education and history, he had three choices: "I could deal drugs, rob or rap. Who's going to give me a job with my record?" Inspired by one of his five brothers, he started to rap as a hobby. He "sold his businesses," desperate to embark on a legitimate new life. He made up sentences that helped explain to him, and therefore others in his dire, inhibiting situation, the bottled-up the pain he felt at being underestimated, pinned down, ignored, driven into the thieving, violence and ganged-up mischief that confirms all mercilessly applied stereotypes. He talked about what he knew. It wasn't pretty.
He worried that his voice was strangely low and slow and wasn't deft like his heroes', but there were those who rated it. It was something different, enough to separate him from all the competing others seeing rap as their escape. He drops some contesting declarations over a steamed-up astutely nabbed Dre beat. "Talkin' The Hardest" is a self-marketed undercover hit. His first album, Walk in Da Park, shifts thousands of independently pressed copies. He wins UK rapper of the year at the Black Entertainment Television awards in America in 2008, beating Chipmunk, Dizzee and co.
Words came to Giggs, gathering in a piled-up, motivated rhythm he had copped from Rakim and Young Jeezy. He didn't know he knew the words he thought up. "It's like the guy who painted the future in Heroes – my eyes roll white and this stuff comes." He gets tongue-tied talking about how great he feels when he comes up with a trippy image, a cracking rhyme, a tense punchline, the mute, beleaguered hoodlum society had made him into beginning to make a living. He is breaking away from a familiar, crushing cycle of despair and destruction, by being articulate and organised. By reforming himself.
For whatever the establishment now is, the idea of a black, British star transmitting an embittered, alienated slang that graphically illustrates urban blight, that draws unnerving attention to a tense, endlessly fracturing racial divide, is deeply unwelcome. Giggs having a voice is a threat. He faces being beaten back into his old life, or beating the deeply prejudiced system that even in apparently more enlightened times, never expects, or wants, an unruly, desensitised ruffian to transform into a transgressive, inspirational thinker.
According to the authorities, Giggs is still a potential riot-inciting menace, thickly eulogising vengeance and violence, using music to cover his tracks; a terrible example to susceptible youths who, apparently, will not be inspired by the grim, lonely, angry docu-dramas Giggs narrates to pull out of a wretched domestic imitation of gang life and find new ways to express and locate themselves. The obstructing forces of censorship and restriction slowly gather, while Giggs, ominously gaining in stature, signs to XL Recordings of Prodigy, Thom Yorke, MIA and Vampire Weekend fame. He's banned from appearing live in London venues. Radio would like him to be a little, or a lot, more Chipmunk. He says he has no intention of slipping back into a life of crime. "Better things to do." His ambition stretches to far-fetched America, where, he says, they're surprised to hear there are British blacks.
Can he make it – hard, progressive, conscientious, fighting free of the cliches – without losing his grip, dissolving into posture, whitening his stance, giving in to the softening, modifying temptations of post-real iPop fame? Will he have to float free of deeper, stranger truths in order to succeed or can he keep his sting? Like an episode of Lost, the questions keep coming. We can only hope the answers astound us.

Thursday 11 November 2010

Guardian Articles

Lil Wayne Released From Prison
http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/nov/04/lil-wayne-released-prison


Dizzee Rascal: Fight To The Top
http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jul/31/dizzee-rascal-interview



The Triumph Of Grime
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/feb/14/music-grime-dan-hancox

Giggs

http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/feb/19/paul-morley-giggs-rap


2009: The Year Grime Begain To Pay
http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/dec/31/grime-2009-dizzee-rascal-tynchy-stryder

11th November Research

Grime music videos have been criticised by politicians and also artists within the Grime scene, for their violent content. In a move to censor this, Channel AKA has with the pressure from the police begun to sift through grime videos, being highly selective with the ones that are broadcast.
LINK: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grime_(music)#Controversy

In June 2005, the channel was fined £18,000 by Ofcom for a number of offences, including the broadcasting of inappropriate material, using premium rate telephone services in programmes, and failing to ensure a clear distinction between programmes and advertisements.

Monday 8 November 2010

Research On Issues/Debates & Theories

ISSUES & DEBATES


Regulation & Censorship
Censorship is suppression of speech or other communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the general body of people as determined by a government, media outlet, or other controlling body.


Relevant Reading Material: 






Up and coming rapper STYLAH has made a controversial video that was banned from TV. The video for his debut single Killa features violent imagery that has so far meant it can only be shown on t’internet. Throughout the video viewers see victims shot to death by others using their hands as guns. In an early scene the gunman is a child with his friend on a 
push-bike. With lyrics in the chorus talking about everybody becoming killers, it’s little wonder the violent promo has yet to be broadcast on the television. However, the twist of the song, recorded with fellow rapper SMILER, is that it is actually ANTI-gun crime.
LINK: http://thegrimereport.blogspot.com/2010/10/sun-stylah-video-for-killa-banned-from.html


Censorship & Regulation relates to my investigation as my investigation is about the affects of rap/grime music on young people. So, censorship is basically looking after what is shown in the media and so, links to my investigation as the example above about a grime video reflecting violence got banned despite its motive being to prevent gun crime. So, despite this, the grime video still got banned from television, due the violence that was shown in it. So, this aspect is one of the main links to my investigation as, it was banned from television to prevent the affect on teenagers of violence and gun crime etc. So, using this example, it could assist me in the linked production process of my own grime video.

Representation & Stereotypes
A stereotype is a commonly held popular belief about specific social groups or types of individuals. The concepts of "stereotype" and "prejudice" are often confused with many other different meanings. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions.
Relevant Reading Material: http://ramone1990.blogspot.com/2009/01/criticism-of-way-rap-music-portrays.html





Stereotypical representation of young people in hoodies, involved in sex, violence and drugs, in this music video, which is also helping to promote the film 'Adulthood' so, as it has a dominant representation of young people, it encourages them to watch it. These are some of the features that are typically featured in rap/grime music videos and so links to my investigation as for my linked production I will be producing a music video and so this area of debate will allow me to investigate the ideologies of a grime/rap music video.


Moral Panics
A moral panic is the intensity of feeling expressed in a population about an issue that appears to threaten the social order. A moral panic occurs when a "condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests.


Relevant Reading Material: 


Moral Panics links to my Critical Investigation as this issue, is one of the reasons as to why the media has started to censor violence in the media let alone music videos. As, the public has previously been concerned about the violence that is shown in the media, especially after the murder of James Bulger that were influenced by a film. So, with music videos as grime is becoming a popular music genre amongst young teens, this could be the influence of the violence that takes place in reality as young teens are stereotypically shown to be rebellious. So, as they under the influence of this type of media, they may wish to be like that.


THEORIES


Audience Theories
Audience theory is an element of thinking that developed within academic literary theory and cultural studies. Different types of audience theories include:



The hypodermic needle model: The intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver.




Two-step flow: The people with most access to media, and highest media literacy explain and diffuse the content to others. This is a modern version of the hypodermic needle model.





Uses and gratifications: People are not helpless victims of mass media, but use the media to get specific gratifications.





Reception theory: The meaning of a "text" is not inherent within the text itself, but the audience must elicit meaning based on their individual cultural background and life experiences.




Relevant Reading Material: http://library.wcsu.edu/dspace/bitstream/0/35/1/tropeano.pdf



Audience theories links to my investigation as this is the way the audience of media perceives media texts. So, as my investigation is directly related to the affect of violence in music videos on young people. As, there has been a rise in violence within the UK and a rise in the violence in music videos and as the grime genre of music is very controversial in this aspect of music, it links to my investigation. One of the affects of violence could be the fact that people pursue it in music videos to escape from everyday life and then go on and carry out the acts of violence as, they see their favourite grime artists involved in the activities.




Colonialism & Post-Colonialism





Colonialism refers to the establishment and maintenance of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. Colonialism is a process whereby sovereignty over the colony is claimed by the metro-pole and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed, by colonists - people from the metro-pole.



Relevant Reading Material: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/



Bloods & Crips



Bloods and Crips are two rival gangs worldwide, which started off in Los Angeles, USA. these two gangs have been spoken about and shown in music. artists such as Lil Wayne & The Game being part of the Bloodz gang talk about the Bloodz in association with the colour red in their collaboration song 'Red Magic'. This is where everything they mention is associated with the colour red which connotes the gang Bloodz. Due to this, it is relevant to my investigation, as these gangs are featured in rap videos and these stereotypical lyrics of violence could be used in the linked production of my investigation, which is a grime music videos as the ideologies of rap videos is similiar to grime.