Saturday, 25 December 2010

Additional Web Research




So, currently no one single body takes responsibility for regulation, control and censorship of new media in the UK.


Basically this theory stems from a fear of the mass media, and gives the media much more power than it can ever have in a democracy. Also it ignores the obvious fact that not everyone in an audience behaves in the same way.


At some point in the past, the video for "(s)AINT" by Marilyn Manson was banned by that artist's label due to its violence and sexual content. In 2008, Justice's video for their song "Stress" was boycotted by several major music television channels due to allegations of racism and violence; the video depicts several youths committing various crimes throughout the streets of Paris, with the youths mainly being of North African descent.


In conclusion, music videos have been banned along the years for all sorts of reasons: religion, nudity, violence, drugs etc. One thing needs to be said: the fact that a music video gets banned doesn’t mean it has a poor artistic assessment of worth, it plainly means that the message is inappropriate to be broadcasted on national television. 


There are many technological options parents can use to prevent their children from seeing inappropriate music videos. There is now a special microchip in most TV's that allows parents to control the content of what they allow their children to watch. Satellite and cable receivers also have a chip that blocks specific channels and programs. This allows parents to control the content of what music videos they allow their children to watch.


Rap does have a dark side though. The violence and obscenities in rap lyrics do at times seem to serve no purpose at all. "Violence is glamorized, and the debasement of women is celebrated, often in the most graphic and obscene terms”


Gangsta rap is a form of entertainment like any other. Some of its purveyors may use words or imagery that portrays certain criminal acts, but that is because they reflect the culture from which it spawned. Critics miss the subtleties of rap music, in which the rapper often takes on a particular persona in a song and so does not necessarily endorse the views or actions it portrays; rap fans are well aware of these ambiguities. Violence and criminality are also endemic in other forms of entertainment, for example opera and classic films often contain large-scale killing and violence.


Without any doubt, censorship does not help music. Hip-hop, punk or rock, are music genres that actually "speak from the streets". The explosion of hip-hop culture and its dominance on the system was similar to what happened in the UK in the mid-70s with punk. Only then, it was not about the black youth.


The generational value gap continued in the 1970s and 1980s, when heavy metal rock and rap music were particular targets of moral authorities. A Prince album caused controversy at a 1984 PTA meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio. (Sparrow) The incident helped spark the debate for government censorship of music. The National Coalition on Television, which monitored the level of violence in music videos, asked for the federal government to regulate rock music on television.


Censorship for music is just taking those words and phrases out of the song when it’s played on the radio. The songs played on the radio are called "Radio Edits" and are only played on the radio. The original versions can be found on the CDs of the artists and on iTunes and amazon. Most songs are labelled whether they are explicit, meaning containing the words and phrases, so you know if you're buying the version you want.


Consumers have learned to live with all sorts of semi-voluntary censorship, including the film rating system, the F.C.C.’s regulation of broadcast media and the self-regulation of basic cable networks. Hip-hop fans, in particular, have come to expect that many of their favourite songs will reach radio in expurgated form with curses, epithets, drug references and mentions of violence deleted.


I believe that censoring hip-hop did nothing more than flaming more opposition and more open reality. Music can, by no means, create violence. Music simple reflects social realities. Hip-hop is real music for real people. No censorship can change that.


On the other hand, musicians would certainly argue that they are not entirely responsible for actions others take as a result of listening to their lyrics. Companies who produce rap music are reluctant to censor this industry as rap music is a $12 billion a year business in the U.S. music market. To narrow this example down further, rap music accounts for 7.9% of Time Warner's music sales. With that much income coming in from rap music sales, Time Warner Music is reluctant to censor it. Music producers feel that society places all the blame on the violent or profane lyrics to take the responsibility away from itself.


It would be difficult to argue that these attempts at censorship have hampered record sales, given the astonishing success of Kanye West, Ludacris, Outkast, and many others during the past decade. But it does appear the combination of a wider audience and vociferous attacks on the music has rendered rap a little simplistic. Historic examples of censorship backfiring are numerous, making efforts to cripple rap music by restricting access all the more puzzling. However, most censorship advocates are unmoved by the lessons of history.


Tupac directly attacks the demand for censorship coming from the politicians. In his song “Rebel of the Underground” he states that:
They tryin to keep me out
Try to censor what I say
cause they don't like what I'm talkin bout
So what's wrong with the media today?
(Tupac, “Rebel of the Underground.” 2Pacalypse Now,1991).


Grime doesn’t need to be shot down completely, but most certainly censored, with kids admiring these artists, the artists that don’t know fact from fiction actually running the underground scene morally it’s like the blind leading the blind.


Jennifer Copley reports that studies link rap videos to children having a positive view on violence and criminal activity. Although Copley recognizes that some rap videos have very violent themes, she notes that teenage fans are exposed to many different themes in rap, including opposition towards violence. The lyrics and video for Coolio's 1995 smash hit "Gangsta's Paradise," for example, deplored violence. The song criticizes the gangster lifestyle, particularly in the verses, "Tell me why we are so blind to see/That the ones we hurt are you and me."


One study found that young subjects who watched violent rap videos were more accepting of violent actions, particularly against women. Additionally, those who watched either violent or nonviolent rap videos were more inclined to express materialistic attitudes and favour potentially acquiring possessions through crime, as well as holding more negative views on the likelihood of succeeding through academic pursuits.


Teens who spend more time watching the sex and violence depicted in the "reel" life of "gangsta" rap music videos are more likely to practice these behaviors in real life, suggests one of the first studies to specifically explore how rap videos influence emotional and physical health.




Do scenes like these suggest that music videos are encouraging their viewers to indulge in criminality? Senior members of the Metropolitan Police think so. They have laid the blame for a surge in violence in recent years outside club nights – particularly East London events associated with grime, the British rap genre – on videos showcasing violence and thuggery.

Sunday, 12 December 2010

Critical Investigation Presentation

Media Studies: Theories & Approaches

Dan Laughey. "Media Studies: Theories & Approaches" (Great Britain; Sparkford, Somerset: Kamera Books, 2009)


"Major Moral Panics in recent times have centred on fears about paedophilia, AIDS, knife and gun crime."


"Children and young people are seen as both the perpetrators and victims of anti-social behaviour - they become the excuse for politicians and policy makers to impose stricter laws and tighter regulations on new forms of media and popular culture."


"Subcultures are themselves apart from the rest of society - subcultures actually choose to rebel against norms and conventions"


"George Gerbner identified a 'Mean World Syndrome' that afflicted heavy TV viewers. Put simply, the more TV you watch, the more likely you are to view the outside world as a hostile, crime-ridden, ghettoised world where danger and vice lurk in every corner." 


"In terms of this latter, Gerbner found that crime on TV was ten times worse than crime in the real world."


"So, it would seem that TV addicts make a direct connection between what they see on the small screen and what they think is happening in reality. TV's cultivating power means that it guides certain individuals into ways of dealing with the world beyond the box."


"TV realism, is far removed from actual reality. Witnessing a drive-by shooting in the flesh would probably make us physically sick or scar us for life, whereas witnessing it every night on TV, we hardly bat an eyelid."

Thursday, 9 December 2010

Cultivation Theory Research

http://www.suite101.com/content/theories-of-violence-in-the-media-a52284
Key Quote: One finding of this research is that when people are exposed to heavy media violence, they seem to have an attitudinal misconception called mean world syndrome. This means that they overestimate how much violence actually occurs in their communities and the rest of the world. People who are exposed to less media violence have a more realistic sense of the amount of violence in the real world.

http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/cultiv.html
  • Key Quote: Cultivation theorists argue that heavy viewing leads viewers (even among high educational/high income groups) to have more homogeneous or convergent opinions than light viewers (who tend to have more heterogeneous or divergent opinions). The cultivation effect of television viewing is one of 'levelling' or 'homogenizing' opinion. Gerbner and his associates argue that heavy viewers of violence on television come to believe that the incidence of violence in the everyday world is higher than do light viewers of similar backgrounds. They refer to this as a mainstreaming effect.
  • Cultivation theorists tend to ignore the importance of the social dynamics of television use. Interacting factors such as developmental stages, viewing experience, general knowledge, gender, ethnicity, viewing contexts, family attitudes and socio-economic background all contribute to shaping the ways in which television is interpreted by viewers. When the viewer has some direct lived experience of the subject matter this may tend to reduce any cultivation effect.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Cultivation_theory
Key Quote: Two ways "in which cultivation theorists have extended their theory to account for small effects and differences in effects among subgroups" (Miller, 2005, p. 286) are the concepts of mainstreaming and resonance, added to the theory.
  • Mainstreaming "means that television viewing may absorb or override differences in perspective and behavior that stem from other social, cultural, and demographic influences. It represents the homogenization of divergent views and a convergence of disparate viewers (p. 31)" (Miller, 2005, 286).
  • Resonance "is another concept proposed to explain differential cultivation effects across groups of viewers. The concept suggests that the effects of television viewing will be particularly pronounced for individuals who have had related experience in real life. That is for a recent mugging victim or someone who lives in a high crime neighborhood, the portrayal of violence on television will resonate and be particularly influential" (Miller, 2005, 286).
Key Quote: Gerbner found that heavy television viewing has a small but significant impact on the attitudes and perceptions of an audience, influencing their outlook on the social world around them. Massive exposure to television has a cumulative effect; it is not just individual messages that the viewer responds to, but also the accumulation of exposure in the aggregate.

Hypodermic Needle Theory Research

http://www.suite101.com/content/theories-of-violence-in-the-media-a52284
Key Quote: Most researchers argue that these kinds of effects are rare, or involve events of little consequence. For example, when someone watches a pizza commercial and then orders the pizza seen on the TV, this is more or less a magic bullet effect. However, it's much less likely that someone will see a school shooting on TV and then immediately attack a school.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle_model
Key Quote: The phrasing "hypodermic needle" is meant to give a mental image of the direct, strategic, and planned infusion of a message into an individual. But as research methodology became more highly developed, it became apparent that the media had selective influences on people.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_theory
Key Quote: The high adoption rate of convergent technology amongst the younger generation has changed the way film/video/music etc is accessed and the worlds largest companies and broadcasters are continually looking and reviewing the way that they use these mediums to feed the ever hungry audiences the diet of media they desire.

http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Mass%20Media/Hypodermic_Needle_Theory.doc/
Key Quote: They express the view that the media is a dangerous means of communicating an idea because the receiver or audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message. There is no escape from the effect of the message in these models. The population is seen as a sitting duck. People are seen as passive and are seen as having a lot media material "shot" at them. People end up thinking what they are told because there is no other source of information.

http://mediaappreciation.blogspot.com/2009/10/hypodermic-needle-theory.html
Key Quote: The governments understood the power of this theory. They used it to influence people and pass their decisions which might their people do not like and support. The magic is done by news. Media producers know that people are spending most of their time using media and they taking their information from it. By applying the hypodermic needle theory and controlling the content of the news, manipulating people will be easy. The most common and effective medium to deliver this kink of messages is TV, the main source of news. As for the theory, whatever kind of news content is shown on the TV, it will be injected on people’s minds and it will influence them. They will not challenge it because there is no other source. They will accept it and believe it specially if it came from famous media such as BBC, FOX or CNN or even New Yourk Times.

Sunday, 28 November 2010

Books Relating To Investigation

Graeme Burton. "More Than Meets The Eye" (Great Britain; Euston Road: Arnold, a member of the Hoddler Headline Group, 2002)


Key Quotes: 
  • Audiences are an integral part of the whole process of communication through out the media. In many ways they are the raison d'etre for the media industries, because no audiences means no profit means no reason for running the organisation. It is the audience that makes sense of the communication and this becomes of all the more important because of the size of the audience, given the potential for influence, and the part the media play in the socialisation of that audience.
  • Repetition of messages tend to enhance their effects. People tend to believe something if its said that often enough (provided it isn't too outrageous)
  • In terms of output, the media are almost entirely self-regulating. There is the Video Standards Council, for video distributors.
Alan Mckee "Textual Analysis" (Padshow, Cornwall: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2003)

Key Quotes:
  • Everyone loves children, children need to be protected from the dangers of the world, including representation's of violence and sex.

Thursday, 25 November 2010

Media Magazine Research

Key Quotes:
  • The audience response to a film is perhaps the key issue in the debate for and against censorship.
  • Contemporary value systems are more contingent, reflecting more fluid ideas about the self in postmodern society; and this makes the case for and against censorship very difficult to resolve.
Key Quotes: Certainly, the whole music business is sustained by the few star guarantees of profit in an unstable market. This maybe explains the somewhat fetishistic behaviour of fans who will buy the CD even if they can easily get the tracks for free on some P2P provider.

Here are the four key assumptions that underpin the tradition of concern about the effects of media violence:

1. ‘Violence’ is a unit of meaning that can be abstracted from occasions and modes of occurrence, and measured – with the correspondent assumption that the more violence there is, the greater its potential for influence.
2. There is a mechanism, usually called ‘identification’, which makes viewers of ‘violence’ vulnerable to it – such that it thereby becomes a ‘message’ by which they are invaded and persuaded.
3. The task of media researchers is to identify those who are especially ‘vulnerable’ to the influence of these ‘messages’.
4. All these can be done on the presumption that such messages are ‘harmful’, because ‘violence’ is intrinsically anti-social.

Key Quotes: Yet despite the talent of the likes of Kano, Wiley and Lady Sovereign, they don’t stand much of a chance getting noticed when so many are happily force-fed American corporate hip hop. Our grime stars are happy if they sell 500 or 1,000 white labels in Bow’s Rhythm Division Records; how can that match up against the hundreds of thousands of units that even minor American stars shift around the world?

Key Quotes: So far, the models we’ve referred to range from the idea of the audience as passively influenced by all-powerful media, to the concept of audiences as active, strong and selective readers.

Key Quotes:
  • Stan Cohen’s Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1972; 3rd edition 2002): the ways in which the media identify something or someone as a major threat to society and its values, often way beyond what is reasonable, often using gross stereotypes of these ‘folk devils’, on whose head all the ills of society are blamed. 
  • Some key representations in crime-based media have been:
    • crime itself (a ‘problem’) vs the police (our protectors)
    • criminals (the bad guys) vs criminal justice systems (a mess)
    • lawyers (corrupt or freeloaders) vs courts (soft)
    • social workers (incompetent, interfering do-gooders)
    • victims (innocent) vs the public (a nuisance)

New Question (After Examiner Feedback)

To what extent is violence used in rap/grime music videos, such as those featuring K Koke, and should audiences be protected from it through censorship?

Wednesday, 24 November 2010

10 Relevant Papers/Articles



This article is among the first to focus on commercially available, sexually violent rap music, so-called “gangsta” rap (GR) and its influence on attitudes toward women. Collegiate males with little experience with GR were exposed to GR music, lyrics, both, or neither. Thus the effect of GR music and lyrics were isolated from each other and from acculturation to GR. Collapsing across all attitude measures, neither lyrics alone nor lyrics with music resulted in significantly more negative attitudes toward women than music-only or no-treatment control conditions. Participants in the lyrics conditions had significantly greater adversarial sexual beliefs than no-lyrics participants, however.

The purpose of this study was to examine violence in music video programming. Using a representative sample of television content, we assessed whether the amount and context of physical aggression varied across different music video channels (BET, MTV, VH-1) and genres (adult contemporary, heavy metal, rap rhythm and blues, and rock). The results reveal that 15% of music videos feature violence, and most of that aggression is sanitized, not chastised, and presented in realistic contexts. Significant differences emerged in the prevalence and nature of violence by channel and genre, however. The findings are discussed in terms of the risk that exposure to violence in each channel and genre may be posing to viewers' learning of aggression, fear, and emotional desensitization.

The positive portrayal of violence and weapon carrying in televised music videos is thought to have a considerable influence on the normative expectations of adolescents about these behaviours.

The Rhetoric of Violence in Rap & Country Music
This study is a semiotic ethnography and ethnomusicological comparison of the rhetoric of violence found in two increasingly popular musical forms, rap and country. Based on the production-of-culture perspective, musical genres are considered socially constructed organizing principles and lyrics, the primary data, are viewed as ensembles of texts. The strategy is to address rap and country songs as they present claims concerning the focal concerns of trouble and toughness. First, analysis is framed in terms of three violent crimes–murder, manslaughter, and assault. Second, dimensions of toughness are specified–physical prowess and masculinity. This study illustrates the hidden resemblances between rap and country and highlights parallels between these essentially incompatible musical domains.


The influence of Misogynous Rap Music On Sexual Aggression Against Women
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cognitive distortions concerning women on sexually aggressive behaviour in the laboratory. Twenty-seven men listened to misogynous rap music and 27 men listened to neutral rap music. Participants then viewed neutral, sexual-violent, and assaultive film vignettes and chose one of the vignettes to show to a female confederate. Among the participants in the misogynous music condition, 30% showed the assaultive vignette and 70% showed the neutral vignette. In the neutral condition, 7% showed the sexual-violent or assaultive vignette and 93% showed the neutral vignette. Participants who showed the sexual-violent or assaultive stimuli reported that the confederate was more upset and uncomfortable in viewing these stimuli than did participants who showed the neutral vignette. These findings suggest that misogynous music facilitates sexually aggressive behavior and support the relationship between cognitive distortions and sexual aggression.


Genre Of Music & Lyrical Content: Expectation Effects
This study was designed to examine whether people's expectations differ regarding how music lyrics affect individual behaviour as a function of music genre. Because legislative attention and media publicity have been biased against certain types of popular music (i.e., heavy metal and rap), the authors expected that those genres of music would be viewed more negatively than other genres of popular music, for which there has been little or no negative publicity (i.e., pop and country). Participants (N = 160 college students) rated their perceptions of how the lyrical content of a song would affect listeners' behavior. The authors presented prosocial or antisocial lyrical passages to students (N = 160) under the guise of four musical genres (heavy metal, rap, pop, and country). Participants rated the potential impact of the lyrics on listeners' behavior. Findings indicated that lyrics labeled as heavy metal or rap were perceived as less likely to inspire prosocial behavior but not more likely to inspire antisocial behavior than the same lyrics labeled as country or pop.



Exposure to Violent Media: The Effects of Songs With Violent Lyrics on Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings


Rap Music & It's Violent Progeny: America's Culture of Violence in Context

America for all her protests against violent rap lyrics has failed to acknowledge her role in the creation of this relatively new art form. There is no denying the language in some rap lyrics could be construed as offensive, however, just as other music forms are not homogeneous, neither is rap music. It is far too simplistic to portray rap artists as perpetuators of behavior deemed socially deviant without placing the artists and their life experiences in context. Instead, this article considers rap music as a creative expression and metaphorical offspring of America's well-established culture of violence.

In two experiments, primed subjects were exposed to violent and misogynistic rap music and control subjects were exposed to popular music. Experiment 1 showed that violent and misogynistic rap music increased the automatic associations underlying evaluative racial stereotypes in high and low prejudiced subjects alike. By contrast, explicit stereotyping was dependent on priming and subjects’ prejudice level. In Experiment 2, the priming manipulation was followed by a seemingly unrelated person perception task in which subjects rated Black or White targets described as behaving ambiguously. As expected, primed subjects judged a Black target less favourably than a White target. By contrast, control subjects rated Black and White targets similarly. Subjects’ level of prejudice did not moderate these findings, suggesting the robustness of priming effects on social judgements.


Sunday, 21 November 2010

Critical Investigation Title

To what extent does violence in grime/rap music videos, such as those featuring K Koke, encourage and result in violent behaviour in young people?


Keyword
Synonym 1
Synonym 2
Synonym 3
Rap
Black people
Lil Wayne
The Game
Grime
Urban Music
Wiley
Skepta
K Koke
Stereotypes
Ethnicity
Underground Grime
Music Videos
Lyrics
Censorship
Teenagers
Violence
Moral Panics
Bloods & Crips
Knife Crime

Monday, 15 November 2010

Research (Advanced Search Options)




Key Quote: When grime was first hitting the headlines in 2004, many said it was the biggest thing to happen to British music since punk - and indeed it should have been


Key Quote: Superintendent Leroy Logan of Hackney Police, a former chairman of the Black Police Association, is clear on the role videos play. "The essence of grime is simply a reflection of these kids's experiences," he said. "But there are those out there who are keen on hijacking the scene, and using these videos to spread negativity, anger, and aggression. And whether the messages are coded or explicit, they often play themselves out on the street."


Key Quote: One study found that young subjects who watched violent rap videos were more accepting of violent actions, particularly against women. Additionally, those who watched either violent or non-violent rap videos were more inclined to express materialistic attitudes and favour potentially acquiring possessions through crime, as well as holding more negative views on the likelihood of succeeding through academic pursuits.


Key Quote: Mr Taylor also told MPs that he was concerned about the content of much rap music. "It is creating more of a problem because of the language that is used. It is language that, as a father, I would not allow my children to hear," he said.

Impact of Music, Music Lyrics, and Music Videos on Children and Youth


Key Quote: This study revealed that the percentage of violence in music videos ranged from 11.5% to 22.4%, with the most violent videos having been presented on MTV. When analyzed according to type of music, rap videos had the highest portrayal of violence (20.4%), closely followed by rock videos (19.8%).


Key Quote: The videos seen today are so dangerous to society as a whole because today’s society is more fuelled by media than it has ever been. Because of this fact people need to make sure that they are not feeding our youth things that will destroy lives later on down the road.


Key Quote: Eighty per cent of the rap music that is currently on the top ten lists around the world contains violence. They glorify the acts of beating up another person, or even worse shooting them.


Key Quote: Violent music may possibly make a path for violence, but it does not and can not cause violence.(Mcfadyen 17; Lieberman 2). Violent music can only stir emotions in a person, and if that person commits a crime, then it is that person's own fault. For the song did not go into the street and rob a person or shoot a person opening a door. 


Key Quote: Underground Grime music, is a lot more violent, the lyrics connecting with gang culture and lifestyles. Rappers such as Scorcher & Black the Ripper have had their music videos banned  from TV for promoting gang culture and violence.


Key Quote: If you have ever looked on You Tube you will be shocked to see the amount of gang & grime music video's glorifying gun, knife and gang culture and violence - promoting this with music videos and home made videos made by the gangs.


Key Quote: Songs with violent lyrics increase aggression related thoughts and emotions and this effect is directly related to the violence in the lyrics, according to a new study published by the American Psychological Association (APA).


Key Quote: Rap music has been vilified and discredited on the grounds of sexism, misogyny, glamourising violence, materialism and associations with criminality. Gangsta rap in particular has been reviled for its often inherent violent imagery and sexually explicit lyrics.


Key Quote: The influence that rap currently has on our children all around the world is unfortunately a very strong one. People's words and people's actions are constantly criticised on a daily basis, and music is no exception. While listening to music, you can not help but notice the words and the beat associated with it. Whether for the good or bad, rap has influenced society. 



Key Quote: Gun violence seems to follow 50 Cent, who has himself been shot nine times, and always wears a bulletproof vest. Two known associates of the rap star were arrested at a 50 Cent video shoot in New York City after police found they were carrying loaded weapons.


Key Quote: Jay confessed it's important for rappers to exaggerate "life in the ghetto" because this is the only way that the underclass can make their voice heard.